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War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness
''The War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness'', also known as "War Rule", "Rule of War" and the "War Scroll", is a manual for military organization and strategy that was discovered among the Dead Sea Scrolls. The manuscript was among the scrolls found in Qumran Cave 1, acquired by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and first published posthumously by Eleazar Sukenik in 1955.〔Schiffman, Lawrence H., and James C. VanderKam. 2000. Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea scrolls. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.〕 The document is made up of various scrolls and fragments including 1QM, and 4Q491-497.〔 It is possible that ''The War of the Messiah'' is the conclusion to this document.〔ISBN 0-06-076662-X pp. 368-371〕 The 4Q491-497 fragments were published by Baillet in ''Discoveries in the Judean Desert'', 7 and comprise a shorter recension of the War Scroll.〔
==History==
Two time periods have been put forward and defended as the most probable time of composition: the Seleucid period and the Roman period.〔Rost, Leonhard. 1976. Judaism outside the Hebrew canon: an introduction to the documents. Nashville: Abingdon.〕 The Seleucid period proposals include the very beginning of the Maccabean Revolt (165 or 164 BCE), the height of Jonathan's military power (143 BCE), and the reign of John Hyrcanus (135-104 BCE).〔Wenthe, Dean O. “The Use of the Hebrew Scriptures in 1QM.” Dead Sea Discoveries Vol. 5, No. 3 (Nov., 1998), pp. 290-319〕 Scholars who believe the scroll was composed during the Roman period propose a date from the middle of the first century BCE to the first decade of the first century CE.〔 The War Scroll's description of the weaponry and tactics led Yigael Yadin to assign the composition of the scroll to a date between the capture of Jerusalem by Pompey (65 BCE) and the death of Herod (4 BCE).〔 More recently, author Russell Gmirkin in (The War Scroll and Roman Weaponry Reconsidered ) disagrees with Yadin's analysis and assigns the weaponry described in the War Scroll to the second century BCE. Lt. Col. Peter Fromm (US Army Ret.) sides with Gmirkin also assigning the army and weaponry described in the War Scroll to the second century BCE.〔(Dating the Army of the War Scroll ) (May, 2012).〕
Scholars have been unable to determine the exact author of the text. The unity and cohesiveness of the manuscript leads some, such as Jean Carmignac and Yigael Yadin, to believe that it was written or compiled by a single writer.〔 Most scholars believe, at this point, that it is a composite document, copied from many source documents by one scribe.〔Schultz, Brian. Qumran Cave 1 Revisited, "Compositional Layers in the War Scroll", Koninklijke Brill, 2010.〕
In modern times, the genre of 1QM has been described as apocalyptic literature, though some translators and interpreters contend that it is actually a part of sectarian liturgy or tactical treatises. Jean Duhaime believes that it was probably classified as a part of the serek (rule) texts developed by the Qumranites.〔Duhaime, Jean. 2007. "The War Texts: 1QM and Related Manuscripts". Continuum International Publishing Group. London, p. 53〕
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